JUNIOR RELIGION
CHAPTER 7 STUDY GUIDE

Concept A:  Two English Sources of Light

The Benedictine monks Boniface and Bede furthered monastic accomplishments in missionary work and scholarship.  Boniface established monasteries and traveled throughout German lands, converting pagans with his preaching, logic and courageous example.  As the pope's representative, Boniface also crowned Pepin "King of the Franks," an act that foreshadowed the further entanglement of church and state.  Bede, on the other hand, spent nearly his entire  life in one monastery, studying, teaching, and writing his History of the English Church and People.  (Pages 125-127 of your text)

1.	Briefly describe Boniface's missionary activities.

2.	What was Bede's greatest work?

Concept B:  Church and State Entangled

Pepin's protection of Rome and donation of the Papal States entangled the church in political and worldly affairs.  Pepin's son Charlemagne conquered barbarian tribes, forced their conversion to Christianity, and reunited the Roman Empire in the West.  His crowning as emperor by Pope Leo III distanced the church from the East and deepened political entanglements.  Charlemagne protected the church, appointed clergy to high governmental positions, and encouraged education, but he also dominated church affairs.  (Pages 128-132 of your text)

3.	What were the Papal States?  How long did they last?

4.	What were two effects of the pope's crowning Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans"?

5.	In what ways did Charlemagne direct the church?

Concept C:  A Feudal Way of Life

By the late 800s, Viking invaders and ineffective rulers had splintered the empire left by Charlemagne.  Feudalism, which offered some stability and protection, became a way of life.  Serfs made up the bottom level of feudalism's pyramid, vassals the middle, and overlords and kings the top, but hard work, warfare, and primitive living conditions generally prevailed for all.  Bishops and abbots often had large landholdings, and monasteries reflected feudal estates in organization, management, and self-sufficiency.  (Pages 133-137 of your text)

6.	Summarize the pyramid structure of feudalism.

7.	How were bishops and abbots part of the feudal system?

Concept D:  Other Peoples Turn Christian

The Vikings invaded Europe first as pirates and later as settlers.  They gradually adopted Christianity i the West through intermarriages, treaties, and missionaries led by Ansgar.  In the East, Cyril and Methodius, brothers and missionaries, developed the written Slavic language.  They spread the Good News to the Slavs and taught them to read, write, and worship in their own language.  Under Vladimir I, Russia joined the Byzantine church.  By the year 1000, most European Slavs were Christians, divided between the Western and Eastern churches.  (Pages 138-141 of your text)

8.	Who were the Viking?  How did they spur the development of feudalism?

9.	What did Cyril and Methodius do that encouraged the Slavs to become Christian?

10.	Which Slavic peoples eventually belonged to the Byzantine, or Greek, church?  Which Slavic peoples eventually belonged to the Latin church?

Concept E:  Royal Pains for the Church

Civil interference in church affairs and corruption among church officials became rampant during the 900s.  Counts and dukes appointed their supporters as bishops, rich men could buy themselves religious office, and Roman families and German emperors controlled the papacy.  The monastery at Cluny sparked widespread church reform through its independence from civil control and its Christian example.  (Pages 142-145 of your text)

11.	Who tried to control the papacy in the 900s?  For almost a hundred years after Pope John XII, who chose the popes?

12.	How did the monastery at Cluny break with the feudal tradition and bring about renewal in the church?